Covid-19 as a Coat of Many Colours: An Insight into its Varied Impacts on Humanity. A Perspective View Paper
Article Sidebar
:
Main Article Content
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic has come with various aspects and impacts on humanity causing colossal damage that has collectively deepened the impact and its gravity. This review perspective research paper looked at the various aspects of humanity that have been touched by the disease causing pain to humanity. Literature search was carried out on websites such as: Google Scholar, PubMed, MedLine, WHO Global COVID-19 Database, Johns Hopkins University COVID-19 Research Centre, medRxiv and US CDC web pages among others where various social, economic, cultural, psychological and financial among others were extracted. Narratives and reports from various social media platforms such as Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, Twitter, Tiktok, Instagram on reactions and attitudes of humans to the disease were also sieved and compiled. Data obtained was analysed qualitatively by noting down occurrences of such incidents and their respective impacts. COVID-19 was found to come with fear, anxiety, economic losses, hunger, poverty, stigmatization, discrimination, racism, injustice, inequalities, health disparities, global overstretched health systems and infringement of various fundamental human rights. The disease also came with increased domestic violence, murders and homicides of close relatives, a general distrust of the world social world order by a large segment of the global community, serious demographic challenge, costly experimentations at expense of human lives, widespread public disorder, a deepening political and economic war among nations, and increased spiritualism. What could be seen as secondary effects of the disease needs to be properly handled as their short, medium and long term impacts could outpace the direct clinical effects of the disease on entire humanity.
Metrics
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf.
Yi-Chia W, Ching-Sunga C, Yu-Jiuna C. The outbreak of COVID-19: An overview, J. Chinese Med. Association. 2020; (83)3: 217-220. doi: 10.1097/JCMA.0000000000000270.
Adhikari S, Meng S, Wu YJ, et al. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review. Infect Dis Poverty. 2020; (9)29: e. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-020-00646-x.
National Health Commission of People's Republic of China. Notice on prevention and control of novel coronavirus infection pneumonia in the elderly people. 2020. http://www.nhc.gov.cn/lljks/tggg/202001/96e82ba8a14d41b283da990d39771493.shtml.Accessed 11th October, 2021.
World Health Organization. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. https://covid19.who.int/. Accessed 11th October, 2021.
Chen X, Yu B. First two months of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) epidemic in China: real-time surveillance and evaluation with a second derivative model. Glob health Res Policy. 2020; (5)7: e. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-020-00137-4.
Zhang XS, Vynnycky E, Charlett A, et al. Transmission dynamics and control measures of COVID-19 outbreak in China: a modelling study. Sci Rep 11, 2652 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81985-z.
Elsayed SA, Abu-Hammad O, Alolayan AB, Eldeen YS, Dar-Odeh N. Fallacies and Facts Around COVID-19: The Multifaceted Infection. J Craniofac Surg. 2020;31(6):e643-e644. doi:10.1097/SCS.0000000000006752.
Gargiulo M, Price M. Lies, Damned Lies, and “Official” Statistics. https://www.hhrjournal.org/2021/06/lies-damned-lies-and-official-statistics/. Accessed 11th October, 2021.
Yadav UN, Yadav OP, Singh DR, Ghimire S, Rayamajhee B, Kanti Mistry S, et al. Perceived fear of COVID-19 and its associated factors among Nepalese older adults in eastern Nepal: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE. 2021; 16(7): e0254825. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254825.
Mallah SI, Ghorab OK, Al-Salmi S, Abdellatif OS, Tharmaratnam T, Iskandar MA, et al. COVID-19: breaking down a global health crisis. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2021;20(1):35. doi: 10.1186/s12941-021-00438-7.
Kordzodeh-Kermani E, Khalili H, Karimzadeh I. Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Future Microbiology 2020; 15(13):e. https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb-2020-0110.
Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(4):844847.
Godfred-Cato S, Bryant B, Leung J, Oster ME, Conklin L, Abrams J, et al. COVID-19-Associated Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children - United States, March-July 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Aug 14;69(32):1074-1080. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6932e2. Erratum in: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(35):1229. PMID: 32790663; PMCID: PMC7440126.
Diao B, Wang C, Tan Y et al. Reduction and functional exhaustion of T cells in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Front. Immunol. 2020; 11: 827e.
Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y et al. Pathological findings of Covid-19 associated with ccute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Resp. Med. 2020; 8(4), 420422.
Larsen EM, Donaldson KR, Liew M, Mohanty A. Conspiratorial Thinking during COVID-19: The Roles of Paranoia, Delusion-Proneness, and Intolerance of Uncertainty. Front. Psychiatry. 2021; 12:698147. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.698147.
Brennen JS, Simon FM, Howard PN, Nielsen RK. Types, sources, and claims of COVID-19 misinformation: The Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism; 2020. p. 113. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/types-sources-and-claims-covid-19-misinformation. Accessed 11th November, 2021.
Agley J, Xiao Y. Misinformation about COVID-19: evidence for differential latent profiles and a strong association with trust in science. BMC Public Health. 2021; (21)89:e https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-10103-x.
Agley J. Assessing changes in US public trust in science amid the Covid-19 pandemic. Public Health. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.004. Accessed 11th November, 2021.
Johns Hopkins University of Medicine. Coronavirus Resource Centre. 2021. https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/region. Accessed 17th October, 2021.
Ouédraogo M, Kangoye DT, Samadoulougou S, Rouamba T, Donnen P, Kirakoya-Samadoulougou F. Malaria Case Fatality Rate among Children under Five in Burkina Faso: An Assessment of the Spatiotemporal Trends Following the Implementation of Control Programs. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(6):1840. doi:10.3390/ijerph17061840.
WHO. Tuberculosis fact sheet. WHO Report 14th October, 2021. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis. Accessed 17th October 2021.
Ahorsu DK, Lin CY, Imani V, Saffari M, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. The fear of COVID-19 scale: development and initial validation. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. 2020; 19. doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8.
Asmundson G J, Taylor S. Coronaphobia: fear and the 2019-nCoV outbreak. J. Anxiety Disord. 2020; 70:102196. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102196.
Casale S, Flett GL. Interpersonally-based fears during the COVID-19 pandemic: reflections on the fear of missing out and the fear of not mattering constructs. Clin. Neuropsychiatry. 2020; 17, 8893. doi: 10.36131/CN20200211.
Coelho CM, Suttiwan P, Arato N, Zsido AN. On the nature of fear and anxiety triggered by COVID-19. Front Psychol. 2020; e. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.581314/full. Accessed 11th November, 2021.
Bhanot D, Singh T, Verma SK, Sharad S. Stigma and Discrimination During COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Public Health. 2021;8:577018. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.577018.
Cho H, Li W, Cannon J, Lopez R, Song CC. Testing three explanations for stigmatization of people of Asian descent during COVID-19: maladaptive coping, biased media use, or racial prejudice? Ethn Health. 2021;26(1):94-109. doi: 10.1080/13557858.2020.1830035.
Teixeira da Silva JA. Stigmatization, Discrimination, Racism, Injustice, and Inequalities in the COVID-19 Era. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2020; 9(11):484-485. doi: 10.34172/ijhpm.2020.87.
Teixeira da Silva JA. Stigmatization, Discrimination, Racism, Injustice, and Inequalities in the COVID-19 Era. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2020;9(11):484-485. doi:10.34172/ijhpm.2020.87.
Baldassarre A, Giorgi G, Alessio F, Lulli LG, Arcangeli G, Mucci N. Stigma and Discrimination (SAD) at the Time of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(17):6341. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17176341.
Villa S, Jaramillo E, Mangioni D, Bandera A, Gori A, Raviglione MC. Stigma at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26(11):1450-1452. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.08.001.
Robertson JD, Koehler G. Preliminary report on the influenza epidemic in Chicago. Am J Public Health (N Y). 1918 Nov;8(11):849-56. doi: 10.2105/ajph.8.11.849. PMID: 18009985; PMCID: PMC1362263.
Public Health Weekly Reports for September 19, 1919. Public Health Rep. 1919 Sep 19;34(38):2105-2142. PMID: 19314687; PMCID: PMC1996935.
Campedelli GM, D'Orsogna MR. Temporal clustering of disorder events during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS ONE. 2021; 16(4): e0250433. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250433.
Teo C, Kim C, Nielsen A, Young T, O'Campo P, Chum A. Did the UK COVID-19 Lockdown Modify the Influence of Neighbourhood Disorder on Psychological Distress? Evidence From a Prospective Cohort Study. Front Psychiatry. 2021 Jun 21;12:702807. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.702807. PMID: 34234704; PMCID: PMC8255607.
Liu X, Zhu M, Zhang R. et al. Public mental health problems during COVID-19 pandemic: a large-scale meta-analysis of the evidence. Transl Psychiatry 11, 384 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01501-9.
Schäfer S K, Sopp M R, Schanz C G, Staginnus M, Göritz A S, Michael T. Impact of COVID-19 on Public Mental Health and the Buffering Effect of a Sense of Coherence. Psychother Psychosom 2020;89:386-392. doi: 10.1159/000510752.
Neuman S. The U.K.'s early approach to the pandemic cost thousands of lives, a new report says. https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2021/10/12/1045219737/the-u-k-s-early-approach-to-pandemic-cost-thousands-of-lives-a-new-report-says. Accessed 29th October, 2021.
Triggle N. Covid: UK's early response worst public health failure ever, MPs say. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/health-58876089. Accessed 29th October, 2021.
Reuters. UK's 'policy approach of fatalism' early in pandemic was major error, lawmakers say. https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/uks-policy-approach-fatalism-early-pandemic-was-major-error-lawmakers-say-2021-10-11/. Accessed 29th October, 2021.
Bloomberg. Early U.K. Covid Strategy Caused Many Deaths, Report Says https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-11/u-k-s-johnson-slammed-by-mps-for-fatalistic-approach-to-covid. Accessed 29th October, 2021.
Vaughan A. Why is the UK approach to coronavirus so different to other countries? NewScientist News. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2237385-why-is-the-uk-approach-to-coronavirus-so-different-to-other-countries/. Accessed 29th October, 2021.
The Quint. Inquiry Says 'Slow and Fatalistic Approach' Exacerbated UK's Approach to COVID. https://www.thequint.com/news/world/inquiry-slow-fatalistic-approach-exacerbated-uk-approach-to-covid. Accessed 29th October, 2021.
Aljazeera World News. COVID response one of UK's worst ever 'public health failures'.Damning parliamentary report on UK handling of pandemic lists catalogue of errors including delay to lockdown. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/10/12/covid-response-one-of-worst-ever-public-health-failures-in-uk. Accessed 29th October, 2021.
Yong E. The U.K.'s Coronavirus Herd Immunity debacle. The Atlantic News. https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/03/coronavirus-pandemic-herd-immunity-uk-boris-johnson/608065/. Accessed 29th October, 2021.
Bitar AN, Zawiah M, Al-Ashwal FY, Kubas M, Saeed RM, Abduljabbar R, et al. (2021) Misinformation, perceptions towards COVID-19 and willingness to be vaccinated: A population based survey in Yemen. PLoS ONE 16(10): e0248325. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248325.
Bendau A, Plag J, Petzold MB, Ströhle A. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and related fears and anxiety. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021;97:107724. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107724. Epub 2021 Apr 27. PMID: 33951558; PMCID: PMC8078903.
Yurttas B, Poyraz BC, Sut N, Ozdede A, Oztas M, Uğurlu S, Tabak F, Hamuryudan V, Seyahi E. Willingness to get the COVID-19 vaccine among patients with rheumatic diseases, healthcare workers and general population in Turkey: a web-based survey. Rheumatol Int. 2021 Jun;41(6):1105-1114. doi: 10.1007/s00296-021-04841-3. Epub 2021 Mar 29. PMID: 33779780; PMCID: PMC8006103.
Gagneux-Brunon A, Detoc M, Bruel S, Tardy B, Rozaire O, Frappe P, Botelho-Nevers E. Intention to get vaccinations against COVID-19 in French healthcare workers during the first pandemic wave: a cross-sectional survey. J Hosp Infect. 2021 Feb;108:168-173. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.11.020. Epub 2020 Nov 28. PMID: 33259883; PMCID: PMC7699157.
Qunaibi EA, Helmy M, Basheti I, Sultan I. A high rate of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in a large-scale survey on Arabs. Elife. 2021 May 27;10:e68038. doi: 10.7554/eLife.68038. PMID: 34042047; PMCID: PMC8205489.
Cooper S, van Rooyen H, Wiysonge CS. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in South Africa: how can we maximize uptake of COVID-19 vaccines? Expert Rev Vaccines. 2021 Aug;20(8):921-933. doi: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1949291. Epub 2021 Jul 12. PMID: 34252336.
Woodward A. The US ranks second highest among high-income countries in terms of vaccine hesitancy, one chart shows. Science. https://africa.businessinsider.com/science/the-us-ranks-second-highest-among-high-income-countries-in-terms-of-vaccine-hesitancy/rnhzj3t. Accessed 29th October, 2021.
Idajili A. Drowning in doubt: Vaccine hesitancy is a threat to Nigeria's COVID-19 response. The Cable News. https://www.thecable.ng/drowning-in-doubt-vaccine-hesitancy-is-a-threat-to-nigerias-covid-19-response. Accessed 29th October, 2021.
Adigwe OP. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and willingness to pay: Emergent factors from a cross-sectional study in Nigeria. Vaccine: X. 2021;9:100112. ISSN 2590-1362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvacx.2021.100112. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590136221000292. Accessed 11th November, 2021.
Josiah BO, Kantaris M. Perception of Covid-19 and Acceptance of Vaccination in Delta State Nigeria. The Nig Health J. 2021;21(2):60-86.
Oriji PC, Allagoa DO, Wagio TJ, Obagah L, Tekenah ES, Ozori SE. Hesitancy of Covid-19 Vaccination among Health Workers (other than Doctors) in a Tertiary Hospital in South-South, Nigeria. AJRID. 2021;7(1):21-3. https://www.journalajrid.com/index.php/AJRID/article/view/30207. Accessed 1st November, 2012.
WHO. Covid: Vaccines running out in poorer nations, WHO says. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-57558401. Accessed 1st November, 2012.
Usher AD. Vaccine shortages prompt changes to COVAX strategy. Lancet. 2021;398(10310):1474. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02309-6.
WHO Regional office For Africa. Africa faces 470 million COVID-19 vaccine shortfall in 2021. WHO. https://www.afro.who.int/news/africa-faces-470-million-covid-19-vaccine-shortfall-2021. Accessed 1st November, 2012.
World Bank. COVID-19 vaccines: from rejection to shortage, how Côte d'Ivoire became a model for managing vaccine hesitancy. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2021/09/07/covid-19-vaccines-from-rejection-to-shortage-how-c-te-d-ivoire-became-a-model-for-managing-vaccine-hesitancy. Accessed 1st November, 2012.
Feinmann J. Covid-19: global vaccine production is a mess and shortages are down to more than just hoarding BMJ 2021; 375 :n2375 doi:10.1136/bmj.n2375.
Pifarré I Arolas H, Acosta E, López-Casasnovas G, Lo A, Nicodemo C, Riffe T, Myrskylä M. Years of life lost to COVID-19 in 81 countries. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):3504. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-83040-3. Erratum in: Sci Rep. 2021 Apr 14;11(1):8543. PMID: 33603008; PMCID: PMC7892867.
W. K. Viscusi, Pricing the lives saved by coronavirus policies (IZA World of Labor: Evidence-based policy making). https://wol.iza.org/opinions/pricing-the-lives-savedby-coronavirus-policies. Accessed 27 March 2020. Accessed 11th November, 2021.
Lozada-Martínez I, Bolaño-Romero M, Moscote-Salazar L, Torres-Llinas D. Letter to the Editor Regarding "Two Perspectives on the COVID-19 Pandemic Nobody Is Talking About-and It's Costing Lives" and "Emotional Health in the Midst of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic". World Neurosurg. 2020;144:299. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.08.030. Epub 2020 Aug 15. PMID: 32810630; PMCID: PMC7428772.
Borsa S, Bertani G, Pluderi M, Locatelli M. Our darkest hours (being neurosurgeons during the COVID-19 war). Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2020 Jun;162(6):1227-1228. doi: 10.1007/s00701-020-04333-6. Epub 2020 Apr 14. PMID: 32291593; PMCID: PMC7156134.
Gagnon A, Miller MS, Hallman SA, Bourbeau R, Herring DA, Earn DJ, et al. (2013) Age-Specific Mortality During the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Unravelling the Mystery of High Young Adult Mortality. PLoS ONE 8(8): e69586. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069586.
Goldstein JR, Lee RD. Demographic perspectives on the mortality of COVID-19 and other epidemics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020; 8;117(36):22035-22041. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2006392117. Epub 2020 Aug 20. Erratum in: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020;24;117(47):29991. PMID: 32820077; PMCID: PMC7486771.
Bhattaram S, Shinde VS, Lamba I, Gladwin RS, Sharma KVS. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on self-harm and violence among patients presenting to the emergency department. Am J Emerg Med. 2021 Nov 8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.11.008. Epub ahead of print. PMCID: PMC8574082.
Jones L, Palumbo D, Brown D. Coronavirus: How the pandemic has changed the world economy. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51706225. Accessed 11th November, 2021.
United Nations. COVID-19 to slash global economic output by $8.5 trillion over next two years. UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. https://www.un.org/en/desa/covid-19-slash-global-economic-output-85-trillion-over-next-two-years. Accessed 11th November, 2021.
Adam C, Henstridge M, Lee S. The impact of global economic disruption is as big a threat to low-income countries as the direct effects of COVID-19. CEPR. https://voxeu.org/article/impact-global-economic-disruption-big-threat-low-income-countries-direct-effects-covid-19. Accessed 11th November, 2021.
Chudik A, Mohaddes K, Pesaran MH, Raissi M, Rebucci A. Economic consequences of Covid-19: A counterfactual multi-country analysis. CEPR. https://voxeu.org/article/economic-consequences-covid-19-multi-country-analysis. Accessed 11th November, 2021.
Serwer A, Zahn M. The New York Stock Exchange's massive post-COVID question. YahooFinance. Https://finance.yahoo.com/news/the-new-york-stock-exchanges-massive-post-covid-question-120632766.html. Accessed 11th November, 2021.
Brinca P, Duarte JB, Castro MF. Decomposing demand and supply shocks during COVID-19. CEPR. https://voxeu.org/article/impact-global-economic-disruption-big-threat-low-income-countries-direct-effects-covid-19. Accessed 11th November, 2021.
World Bank Press Release. World Bank Confirms Economic Downturn in Sub-Saharan Africa, Outlines Key Polices Needed for Recovery. Washington. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/10/08/world-bank-confirms-economic-downturn-in-sub-saharan-africa-outlines-key-polices-needed-for-recovery. Accessed 11th November, 2021.
Pirkis J, John A, Shin S, DelPozo-Banos M, MRes V A, Analuisa-Aguilar P, et al. Suicide trends in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic: An interrupted time-series analysis of preliminary data from 21 countries. The Lancet. 2021; 8(7), P579588.
Shrestha R, Siwakoti S, Singh S, Shrestha AP. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicide and self-harm among patients presenting to the emergency department of a teaching hospital in Nepal. PLoS ONE. 2021; 16(4): e0250706. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250706
Gordon S. Covid-19 has brought a surge in domestic violence globally. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/c494f254-f6f8-44d5-a8e0-897f6e242a7f. Accessed 11th November, 2021.
Ilesanmi, O.S., Ariyo, M. and Afolabi, A.A., 2020. Domestic violence amid the COVID-19 lockdown: a threat to individual safety. Global Biosecurity, 3(1), p.None. DOI: http://doi.org/10.31646/gbio.94. Accessed 11th November, 2021.
UN WOMEN. Press release: UN Women raises awareness of the shadow pandemic of violence against women during COVID-19. https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2020/5/press-release-the-shadow-pandemic-of-violence-against-women-during-covid-19. Accessed 11th November, 2021.
Oliphant J. U.S. election year shaped by pandemic and Trump's defiance. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/global-poy-usa-election-idUSKBN28K1FU. Accessed 11th November, 2021.
Shatz H J. COVID-19 and Economic Competition with China and Russia. War on Rocks. https://warontherocks.com/2020/08/covid-19-and-economic-competition-with-china-and-russi. Accessed 11th November, 2021.
McKee M. Covid-19 vaccine wars: developing the AstraZeneca vaccine was a triumph, but then things went wrong. Thebmjopinion. https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2021/03/26/vaccine-wars-developing-the-astrazeneca-vaccine-was-a-triumph-but-then-things-went-wrong/. Accessed 11th November, 2021.
Horne M. How the Covid-19 pandemic is driving a revival in spiritualism. The Times 26th January, 2021. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/how-the-covid-19-pandemic-is-driving-a-revival-in .spiritualism-vqw73hwqc. Accessed 11th November, 2021.
Dutta V K. Covid-19: Converging materialism with spiritualism. Financial Express. https://www.financialexpress.com/education-2/covid-19-converging-materialism-with-spiritualism/1947180/. Accessed 11th November, 2021.
Ribeiro MRC, Damiano RF, Marujo R, Nasri F, Lucchetti G. The role of spirituality in the COVID-19 pandemic: a spiritual hotline project. J Public Health (Oxf). 2020; 23;42(4):855-856. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa120. PMID: 32696967; PMCID: PMC7454810.
Sarmiento PJD. Wounded healers: a call for spiritual care towards healthcare professionals in time of COVID-19 pandemic. J Public Health (Oxf). 2021;7;43(2):e273-e274. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa232. PMID: 33348354; PMCID: PMC7798971.
Sessa K. The Justinianic Plague. Origins. https://origins.osu.edu/connecting-history/covid-justinianic-plague-lessons. Accessed 11th November, 2021.
Gopinath G. The Great Lockdown: Worst Economic Downturn Since the Great Depression. IMFBlog. https://blogs.imf.org/2020/04/14/the-great-lockdown-worst-economic-downturn-since-the-great-depression/. Accessed 11th November, 2021.
Kharas H, Dooley M. Extreme Poverty in the Time of COVID-19. https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wpcontent/uploads/sites/22/2021/05/KHARAS_paper1.pdf. Accessed 11th November, 2021.